Economic and Employment Impacts of Tourism

Economic and Employment Impacts of Tourism Tourism Impacts Tourism is regarded as an industry with enormous economic impacts that has been widely studied from a variety of research perspectives. Over the past decade, the interest in tourism development as a regional economic development strategy plan has been increasing rapidly as tourism is now being seen as potential basic industry that provided local employments opportunities, tax revenues and economic diversity (Gursoy et al, 2002; Getz,1986; Jurowski et al, 1997). The travel and tourism industry today is the worlds largest and most diverse business factor where a report by the UNWTO stated that in 2014 there were 1133 million of total international tourist arrivals and US $1245 billion receipts worldwide. The importance of the tourism industry is served as a main source of generating revenues, employment, private sector growth and infrastructure development in many countries (Gee, 1999; Chen Wei, 2009). Studies on the impacts of tourism have demonstrated that a destinations population acknowledges the economic and social benefits and also the cost of tourism on the respective community and lives (Murphy, 1985; Harvey et al, 1995; Jurowski et al, 1997; Choi and Sirakaya, 2006; Dyer et al, 2007). Furthermore, the impacts studies that were emerged during the 1960s drew more emphasis on the economic growth that acted as a form of national development which could be measure in terms of Gross National Product (GDP), rate of employment and the multiplier effect (Krannich et al, 1989). However, some researchers have emerged with some drawbacks of the impact of tourism in local community in terms of economy and ecological vulnerability (Briguglio et al, 2000; Briguglio, 2004; Sutton; 1999; Sutton, 2001). According to the Inter-Organisation Committee (IOC) (1994) the following types of the impact of tourism that needed to be considered is: social, cultural, demographic and economic. The IOC also stated that the focus should be on the more significant impacts, information and appropriate measures should be used and the impacts should be provided in a way that it can be understood by decision makers and leaders. The positive and negative aspects of tourism development may be referred as a chain of impacts with different linkages and is illustrated as a conceptual form in Figure 2.4. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the effects of the tourism expansion on the economy and briefly understand the mechanisms that bring out the effects of each link in the i mpact chain. In the next section, the major positive and negative impacts of tourism development will be discussed and Table 2.0 will provide a summarized list of the major positive and negative impacts of tourism on a country. Economic Impacts Tourism play an important role in stimulating economic growth by creating jobs, provide foreign exchange, enhance technology, produce return on investment for emerging countries and improve living standards in different countries (Eadington et al, 1991). Hall et al (2008) indicates that the tourism industry has the largest value in the worlds industry and it is a more effective way in expanding business and increase income than any other sectors compared. The tourism industry acts as an invisible export medium that brings in wealth which is used to toward the contribution of balancing payment, production, account deficit and employment. In 2012, the tourism industry generated 8% of employment worldwide (Candela and Figini, 2012). Eadington and Redman (1991) concluded that countries such as Ireland, the Caribbean and Egypt used the income from tourism to improve their economic development whereas country like Cambodia, tourism is one of the major source of income for future economic d evelopment. However, the development of tourism can also reduce the dependency on primary merchandise as a source of export earnings. Brown (1998) stated that over-dependency on a single source of income can be very risky. Employment Impact The tourism industry continues to grow into one of the most dynamic economic sectors according to the UNWTO as it acts as a reliable tool for sustainable job creation. Many studies have concluded that after several research that tourism does help in increasing the amount of jobs (Davis et al, 1988; Tosun, 2002; Weaver Lawton, 2001). Tyrrell and Sheldon (1984) discovered that the creation of jobs was one of the four most frequently mentioned benefits of tourism. However, Turner and Sears (2014) stated that the travel and tourism sector is a leading employment creator all around the world by employing more than 98 million people and representing around 3% of total world employment. The employment rate in this sector keeps on growing and is more likely to stay high. For example, Table 2.1. displays the tabulated date retrieved from Figure 2.5. i.e. between 2012 and 2022 the estimated creation of extra jobs is listed as 63 million. Tourism being a service industry, is mostly argued to be labour intensive in nature and that one major impact of tourism is that it acts as an engine for employment creation. However, Mathieson and Wall (1982) stated that such employment can be classified into 3 categories: Direct Employment Direct employment occurs as a result of tourism expenditure. Front offices in hotels, restaurant, travel agencies, tourism information offices, aircrafts, cruise line, resorts or shopping outlets provide direct employment because their employees are in contact with tourist and cater for tourist demand.

Ikea Children Labour

KEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) In May 1995, Marianne Barner faced a tough decision. After just two years with IKEA, the world’s largest furniture retailer, and less than a year into her job as business area manager for carpets, she was faced with the decision of cutting off one of the company’s major suppliers of Indian rugs. While such a move would disrupt supply and affect sales, she found the reasons to do so quite compelling.A German TV station had just broadcast an investigative report naming the supplier as one that used child labor in the production of rugs made for IKEA. What frustrated Barner was that, like all other IKEA suppliers, this large, well-regarded company had recently signed an addendum to its supply contract explicitly forbidding the use of child labor on pain of termination. Even more difficult than this short-term decision was the long-term action Barner knew IKEA must take on this issue. On one hand, she w as being urged to sign up to an industry-wide response to growing concerns about the use of child labor in the Indian carpet industry.A recently formed partnership of manufacturers, importers, retailers, and Indian nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) was proposing to issue and monitor the use of â€Å"Rugmark,† a label to be put on carpets certifying that they were made without child labor. Simultaneously, Barner had been conversing with people at the Swedish Save the Children organization who were urging IKEA to ensure that its response to the situation was â€Å"in the best interest of the child†Ã¢â‚¬â€whatever that might imply. Finally, there were some who wondered if IKEA should not just leave this hornet’s nest.Indian rugs accounted for a tiny part of IKEA’s turnover, and to these observers, the time, cost, and reputation risk posed by continuing this product line seemed not worth the profit potential. The Birth and Maturing of a Global Company1 To understand IKEA’s operations, one had to understand the philosophy and beliefs of its 70year-old founder, Ingvar Kamprad. Despite stepping down as CEO in 1986, almost a decade later, Kamprad retained the title of honorary chairman and was still very involved in the company’s activities.Yet perhaps even more powerful than his ongoing presence were his strongly held values and beliefs, which long ago had been deeply embedded in IKEA’s culture. Kamprad was 17 years old when he started the mail-order company he called IKEA, a name that combined his initials with those of his family farm, Elmtaryd, and parish, Agunnaryd, located in the ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Professor Christopher A.Bartlett, Executive Director of the HBS Europe Research Center Vincent Dessain, and Research Associate Anders Sjoman prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discuss ion. Certain details have been disguised. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. bsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. 906-414 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) forests of southern Sweden. Working out of the family kitchen, he sold goods such as fountain pens, cigarette lighters, and binders he purchased from low-priced sources and then advertised in a newsletter to local shopkeepers.Wh en Kamprad matched his competitors by adding furniture to his newsletter in 1948, the immediate success of the new line led him to give up the small items. In 1951, to reduce product returns, he opened a display store in nearby Almhult village to allow customers to inspect products before buying. It was an immediate success, with customers traveling seven hours from the capital Stockholm by train to visit. Based on the store’s success, IKEA stopped accepting mail orders. Later Kamprad reflected, â€Å"The basis of the modern IKEA concept was created [at this time] and in principle it still applies.First and foremost, we use a catalog to tempt people to visit an exhibition, which today is our store. . . . Then, catalog in hand, customers can see simple interiors for themselves, touch the furniture they want to buy and then write out an order. †2 As Kamprad developed and refined his furniture retailing business model he became increasingly frustrated with the way a tight ly knit cartel of furniture manufacturers controlled the Swedish industry to keep prices high. He began to view the situation not just as a business opportunity but also as an unacceptable social problem that he wanted to correct.Foreshadowing a vision for IKEA that would later be articulated as â€Å"creating a better life for the many people,† he wrote: â€Å"A disproportionately large part of all resources is used to satisfy a small part of the population. . . . IKEA’s aim is to change this situation. We shall offer a wide range of home furnishing items of good design and function at prices so low that the majority of people can afford to buy them. . . . We have great ambitions. †3 The small newsletter soon expanded into a full catalog. The 1953 issue introduced what would become another key IKEA feature: self-assembled furniture.Instead of buying complete pieces of furniture, customers bought them in flat packages and put them together themselves at home. So on, the â€Å"knockdown† concept was fully systemized, saving transport and storage costs. In typical fashion, Kamprad turned the savings into still lower prices for his customers, gaining an even larger following among young postwar householders looking for well-designed but inexpensive furniture. Between 1953 and 1955, the company’s sales doubled from SEK 3 million to SEK 6 million. 4Managing Suppliers: Developing Sourcing Principles As its sales took off in the late 1950s, IKEA’s radically new concepts began to encounter stiff opposition from Sweden’s large furniture retailers. So threatened were they that when IKEA began exhibiting at trade fairs, they colluded to stop the company from taking orders at the fairs and eventually even from showing its prices. The cartel also pressured manufacturers not to sell to IKEA, and the few that continued to do so often made their deliveries at night in unmarked vans.Unable to meet demand with such constrained loc al supply, Kamprad was forced to look abroad for new sources. In 1961, he contracted with several furniture factories in Poland, a country still in the Communist eastern bloc. To assure quality output and reliable delivery, IKEA brought its knowhow, taught its processes, and even provided machinery to the new suppliers, revitalizing Poland’s furniture industry as it did so. Poland soon became IKEA’s largest source and, to Kamprad’s delight, at much lower costs—once again allowing him to reduce his prices.Following its success in Poland, IKEA adopted a general procurement principle that it should not own its means of production but should seek to develop close ties by supporting its suppliers in a 2 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) 906-414 long-term relationship. a Beyond supply contracts and technology transfer, the relationship led IKEA to make loans to its suppliers at reasonable rates, repayable through future sh ipments. â€Å"Our objective is to develop long-term business partners,† explained a senior purchasing manager. We commit to doing all we can to keep them competitive—as long as they remain equally committed to us. We are in this for the long run. † Although the relationship between IKEA and its suppliers was often described as one of mutual dependency, suppliers also knew that they had to remain competitive to keep their contract. From the outset they understood that if a more cost-effective alternative appeared, IKEA would try to help them respond, but if they could not do so, it would move production. In its constant quest to lower prices, the company developed an unusual way of identifying new sources.As a veteran IKEA manager explained: â€Å"We do not buy products from our suppliers. We buy unused production capacity. † It was a philosophy that often led its purchasing managers to seek out seasonal manufacturers with spare off-season capacity. There were many classic examples of how IKEA matched products to supplier capabilities: they had sail makers make seat cushions, window factories produce table frames, and ski manufacturers build chairs in their off-season. The manager added, â€Å"We’ve always worried more about finding the right management at our suppliers than finding high-tech facilities.We will always help good management to develop their capacity. † Growing Retail: Expanding Abroad Building on the success of his first store, Kamprad self-financed a store in Stockholm in 1965. Recognizing a growing use of automobiles in Sweden, he bucked the practice of having a downtown showroom and opted for a suburban location with ample parking space. When customers drove home with their furniture in flat packed boxes, they assumed two of the costliest parts of traditional furniture retailing—home delivery and assembly. In 1963, even before the Stockholm store had opened, IKEA had expanded into Oslo, Norway.A decade later, Switzerland became its first non-Scandinavian market, and in 1974 IKEA entered Germany, which soon became its largest market. (See Exhibit 1 for IKEA’s worldwide expansion. ) At each new store the same simple Scandinavian-design products were backed up with a catalog and offbeat advertising, presenting the company as â€Å"those impossible Swedes with strange ideas. † And reflecting the company’s conservative values, each new entry was financed by previous successes. b During this expansion, the IKEA concept evolved and became increasingly formalized. (Exhibit 2 summarizes important events in IKEA’s corporate history. It still built large, suburban stores with knockdown furniture in flat packages the customers brought home to assemble themselves. But as the concept was refined, the company required that each store follow a predetermined design, set up to maximize customers’ exposure to the product range. The concept mandated, for ins tance, that the living room interiors should follow immediately after the entrance. IKEA also serviced customers with features such as a playroom for children, a low-priced restaurant, and a â€Å"Sweden Shop† for groceries that had made IKEA Sweden’s leading food exporter. At the same time, the range gradually This policy was modified after a number of East European suppliers broke their contracts with IKEA after the fall of the Berlin Wall opened new markets for them. IKEA’s subsequent supply chain problems and loss of substantial investments led management to develop an internal production company, Swedwood, to ensure delivery stability. However, it was decided that only a limited amount of IKEA’s purchases (perhaps 10%) should be sourced from Swedwood. b By 2005, company lore had it that IKEA had only taken one bank loan in its corporate history—which it had paid back as soon as the cash flow allowed. 906-414 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Chall enge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) expanded beyond furniture to include a full line of home furnishing products such as textiles, kitchen utensils, flooring, rugs and carpets, lamps, and plants. The Emerging Culture and Values5 As Kamprad’s evolving business philosophy was formalized into the IKEA vision statement, â€Å"To create a better everyday life for the many people,† it became the foundation of the company’s strategy of selling affordable, good-quality furniture to mass-market consumers around the world.The cultural norms and values that developed to support the strategy’s implementation were also, in many ways, an extension of Kamprad’s personal beliefs and style. â€Å"The true IKEA spirit,† he remarked, â€Å"is founded on our enthusiasm, our constant will to renew, on our cost-consciousness, on our willingness to assume responsibility and to help, on our humbleness before the task, and on the simplicity of our behavior. † As well as a summary of his aspiration for the company’s behavioral norms, it was also a good statement of Kamprad’s own personal management style.Over the years a very distinct organizational culture and management style emerged in IKEA reflecting these values. For example, the company operated very informally as evidenced by the open-plan office landscape, where even the CEO did not have a separate office, and the familiar and personal way all employees addressed one another. But that informality often masked an intensity that derived from the organization’s high self-imposed standards. As one senior executive explained, â€Å"Because there is no security available behind status or closed doors, this environment actually puts pressure on people to perform. The IKEA management process also stressed simplicity and attention to detail. â€Å"Complicated rules paralyze! † said Kamprad. The company organized â€Å"anti-bureaucrat week† every year, requiring all managers to spend time working in a store to reestablish contact with the front line and the consumer. The workpace was such that executives joked that IKEA believed in â€Å"management by running around. † Cost consciousness was another strong part of the management culture. â€Å"Waste of resources,† said Kamprad, â€Å"is a mortal sin at IKEA. Expensive solutions are often signs of mediocrity, and an idea without a price tag is never acceptable. Although cost consciousness extended into all aspects of the operation, travel and entertainment expenses were particularly sensitive. â€Å"We do not set any price on time,† remarked an executive, recalling that he had once phoned Kamprad to get approval to fly first class. He explained that economy class was full and that he had an urgent appointment to keep. â€Å"There is no first class in IKEA,† Kamprad had replied. â€Å"Perhaps you should go by car. † The executive completed the 35 0-mile trip by taxi. The search for creative solutions was also highly prized with IKEA. Kamprad had written, â€Å"Only while sleeping one makes no mistakes.The fear of making mistakes is the root of bureaucracy and the enemy of all evolution. † Though planning for the future was encouraged, overanalysis was not. â€Å"Exaggerated planning can be fatal,† Kamprad advised his executives. â€Å"Let simplicity and common sense characterize your planning. † In 1976, Kamprad felt the need to commit to paper the values that had developed in IKEA during the previous decades. His thesis, Testament of a Furniture Dealer, became an important means for spreading the IKEA philosophy, particularly during its period of rapid international expansion. (Extracts of the Testament are given in Exhibit 3. Specially trained â€Å"IKEA ambassadors† were assigned to key positions in all units to spread the company’s philosophy and values by educating their subordinates a nd by acting as role models. 4 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) 906-414 In 1986, when Kamprad stepped down, Anders Moberg, a company veteran who had once been Kamprad’s personal assistant, took over as president and CEO. But Kamprad remained intimately involved as chairman, and his influence extended well beyond the ongoing daily operations: he was the self-appointed guardian of IKEA’s deeply embedded culture and values.Waking up to Environmental and Social Issues By the mid-1990s, IKEA was the world's largest specialized furniture retailer. Sales for the IKEA Group for the financial year ending August 1994 totaled SEK 35 billion (about $4. 5 billion). In the previous year, more than 116 million people had visited one of the 98 IKEA stores in 17 countries, most of them drawn there by the company’s product catalog, which was printed yearly in 72 million copies in 34 languages. The privately held company did not report profi t levels, but one estimate put its net margin at 8. 4% in 1994, yielding a net profit of SEK 2. billion (about $375 million). 6 After decades of seeking new sources, in the mid-1990s IKEA worked with almost 2,300 suppliers in 70 countries, sourcing a range of around 11,200 products. Its relationship with its suppliers was dominated by commercial issues, and its 24 trading service offices in 19 countries primarily monitored production, tested new product ideas, negotiated prices, and checked quality. (See Exhibit 4 for selected IKEA figures in 1994. ) That relationship began to change during the 1980s, however, when environmental problems emerged with some of its products.And it was even more severely challenged in the mid-1990s when accusations of IKEA suppliers using child labor surfaced. The Environmental Wake-Up: Formaldehyde In the early 1980s, Danish authorities passed regulations to define limits for formaldehyde emissions permissible in building products. The chemical compoun d was used as binding glue in materials such as plywood and particleboard and often seeped out as gas. At concentrations above 0. 1 mg/kg in air, it could cause watery eyes, headaches, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing.With IKEA’s profile as a leading local furniture retailer using particleboard in many of its products, it became a prime target for regulators wanting to publicize the new standards. So when tests showed that some IKEA products emitted more formaldehyde than was allowed by legislation, the case was widely publicized and the company was fined. More significantly—and the real lesson for IKEA—was that due to the publicity, its sales dropped 20% in Denmark. In response to this situation, the company quickly established stringent requirements regarding formaldehyde emissions but soon found that suppliers were failing to meet its standards.The problem was that most of its suppliers bought from subsuppliers, who in turn bought t he binding materials from glue manufacturers. Eventually, IKEA decided it would have to work directly with the glue-producing chemical companies and, with the collaboration of companies such as ICI and BASF, soon found ways to reduce the formaldehyde off-gassing in its products. 7 A decade later, however, the formaldehyde problem returned. In 1992, an investigative team from a large German newspaper and TV company found that IKEA’s best-selling bookcase series, Billy, had emissions higher than German legislation allowed.This time, however, the source of the problem was not the glue but the lacquer on the bookshelves. In the wake of headlines describing â€Å"deadly poisoned bookshelves,† IKEA immediately stopped both the production and sales of Billy bookcases worldwide and corrected the problem before resuming distribution. Not counting the cost of lost sales and production or the damage to goodwill, the Billy incident was estimated to have cost IKEA $6 million to $7 million. 8 5 906-414 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A)These events prompted IKEA to address broader environmental concerns more directly. Since wood was the principal material in about half of all IKEA products, forestry became a natural starting point. Following discussions with both Greenpeace and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF, formerly World Wildlife Fund) and using standards set by the Forest Stewardship Council, IKEA established a forestry policy stating that IKEA would not accept any timber, veneer, plywood, or layer-glued wood from intact natural forests or from forests with a high conservation value.This meant that IKEA had to be willing to take on the task of tracing all wood used in IKEA products back to its source. 9 To monitor compliance, the company appointed forest managers to carry out random checks of wood suppliers and run projects on responsible forestry around the world. In addition to forestry, IKEA identified four other a reas where environmental criteria were to be applied to its business operations: adapting the product range; working with suppliers; transport and distribution; and ensuring environmentally conscious stores.For instance, in 1992, the company began using chlorine-free recycled paper in its catalogs; it redesigned the best-selling OGLA chair— originally manufactured from beech—so it could be made using waste material from yogurt cup production; and it redefined its packaging principles to eliminate any use of PVC. The company also maintained its partnership with WWF, resulting in numerous projects on global conservation, and funded a global forest watch program to map intact natural forests worldwide. In addition, it engaged in an ongoing dialogue with Greenpeace on forestry. 10 The Social Wake-Up: Child LaborIn 1994, as IKEA was still working to resolve the formaldehyde problems, a Swedish television documentary showed children in Pakistan working at weaving looms. Amon g the several Swedish companies mentioned in the film as importers of carpets from Pakistan, IKEA was the only highprofile name on the list. Just two months into her job as business area manager for carpets, Marianne Barner recalled the shockwaves that the TV program sent through the company: The use of child labor was not a high-profile public issue at the time. In fact, the U. N. Convention on the Rights of the Child had only been published in December 1989.So, media attention like this TV program had an important role to play in raising awareness on a topic not well known and understood—including at IKEA. . . . We were caught completely unaware. It was not something we had been paying attention to. For example, I had spent a couple of months in India learning about trading but got no exposure to child labor. Our buyers met suppliers in their city offices and rarely got out to where production took place. . . . Our immediate response to the program was to apologize for our ignorance and acknowledge that we were not in full control of this problem.But we also committed to do something about it. As part of its response, IKEA sent a legal team to Geneva to seek input and advice from the International Labor Organization (ILO) on how to deal with the problem. They learned that Convention 138, adopted by the ILO in 1973 and ratified by 120 countries, committed ratifying countries to working for the abolition of labor by children under 15 or the age of compulsory schooling in that country. India, Pakistan, and Nepal were not signatories to the convention. 1 Following these discussions with the ILO, IKEA added a clause to all supply contracts—a â€Å"black-andwhite† clause, as Barner put it—stating simply that if the supplier employed children under legal working age, the contract would be cancelled. To take the load off field trading managers and to provide some independence to the monitoring process, the company appointed a third-party agent to monitor child labor practices at its suppliers in India and Pakistan. Because this type of external monitoring was very unusual, IKEA had some difficulty locating a reputable and competent company to perform the task. Finally, they appointed a 6IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) 906-414 well-known Scandinavian company with extensive experience in providing external monitoring of companies’ quality assurance programs and gave them the mandate not only to investigate complaints but also to undertake random audits of child labor practices at suppliers’ factories. Early Lessons: A Deeply Embedded Problem With India being the biggest purchasing source for carpets and rugs, Barner contacted Swedish Save the Children, UNICEF, and the ILO to expand her understanding and to get advice about the issue of child labor, especially in South Asia.She soon found that hard data was often elusive. While estimates of child labor in India var ied from the government’s 1991 census figure of 11. 3 million children under 15 working12 to Human Rights Watch’s estimate of between 60 million and 115 million child laborers,13 it was clear that a very large number of Indian children as young as five years old worked in agriculture, mining, quarrying, and manufacturing, as well as acting as household servants, street vendors, or beggars.Of this total, an estimated 200,000 were employed in the carpet industry, working on looms in large factories, for small subcontractors, and in homes where whole families worked on looms to earn extra income. 14 Children could be bonded—essentially placed in servitude—in order to pay off debts incurred by their parents, typically in the range of 1,000 to 10,000 rupees ($30 to $300). But due to the astronomical interest rates and the very low wages offered to children, it could take years to pay off such loans. Indeed, some indentured child laborers eventually passed on t he debt to their own children.The Indian government stated that it was committed to the abolition of bonded labor, which had been illegal since the Children (Pledging of Labour) Act passed under British rule in 1933. The practice continued to be widespread, however, and to reinforce the earlier law, the government passed the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act in 1976. 15 But the government took a less absolute stand on unbonded child labor, which it characterized as â€Å"a socioeconomic phenomenon arising out of poverty and the lack of development. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 prohibited the use of child labor (applying to those under 14) in certain defined â€Å"hazardous industries† and regulated children’s hours and working conditions in others. But the government felt that the majority of child labor involved â€Å"children working alongside and under the supervision of their parents† in agriculture, cottage industries, and s ervice roles. Indeed, the law specifically permitted children to work in craft industries â€Å"in order not to outlaw the passage of specialized handicraft skills from generation to generation. 16 Critics charged that even with these laws on the books, exploitive child labor—including bonded labor—was widespread because laws were poorly enforced and prosecution rarely severe. 17 Action Required: New Issues, New Options In the fall of 1994, after managing the initial response to the crisis, Barner and her direct manager traveled to India, Nepal, and Pakistan to learn more. Barner recalled the trip: â€Å"We felt the need to educate ourselves, so we met with our suppliers. But we also met with unions, politicians, activists, NGOs, U. N. rganizations, and carpet export organizations. We even went out on unannounced carpet factory raids with local NGOs; we saw child labor, and we were thrown out of some places. † On the trip, Barner also learned of the formation o f the Rugmark Foundation, a recently initiated industry response to the child labor problem in the Indian carpet industry. Triggered by a consumer awareness program started by human rights organizations, consumer activists, and trade unions in Germany in the early 1990s, the Indo-German Export Promotion Council had joined up with key 906-414 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) Indian carpet manufacturers and exporters and some Indian NGOs to develop a label certifying that the hand-knotted carpets to which it was attached were made without the use of child labor. To implement this idea, the Rugmark Foundation was organized to supervise the use of the label. It expected to begin exporting rugs carrying a unique identifying number in early 1995.As a major purchaser of Indian rugs, IKEA was invited to sign up with Rugmark as a way of dealing with the ongoing potential for child labor problems on products sourced from India. On her return to Sweden, Barner again met frequently with the Swedish Save the Children’s expert on child labor. â€Å"The people there had a very forward-looking view on the issue and taught us a lot,† said Barner. â€Å"Above all, they emphasized the need to ensure you always do what is in the best interests of the child. † This was the principle set at the heart of the U. N.Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), a document with which Barner was now quite familiar. (See Exhibit 5 for Article 32 from the U. N. Convention on the Rights of the Child. ) The more Barner learned, the more complex the situation became. As a business area manager with full profit-and-loss responsibility for carpets, she knew she had to protect not only her business but also the IKEA brand and image. Yet she viewed her responsibility as broader than this: She felt the company should do something that would make a difference in the lives of the children she had seen.It was a view that was not universally held within IKEA, where many were concerned that a very proactive stand could put the business at a significant cost disadvantage to its competitors. A New Crisis Then, in the spring of 1995, a year after IKEA began to address this issue, a well-known German documentary maker notified the company that a film he had made was about to be broadcast on German television showing children working at looms at Rangan Exports, one of IKEA’s major suppliers.While refusing to let the company preview the video, the filmmaker produced still shots taken directly from the video. The producer then invited IKEA to send someone to take part in a live discussion during the airing of the program. Said Barner, â€Å"Compared to the Swedish program, which documented the use of child labor in Pakistan as a serious report about an important issue without targeting any single company, it was immediately clear that this German-produced program planned to take a confrontational and aggressive approac h aimed directly at IKEA and one of its suppliers. For Barner, the first question was whether to recommend that IKEA participate in the program or decline the invitation. Beyond the immediate public relations issue, she also had to decide how to deal with Rangan Exports’ apparent violation of the contractual commitment it had made not to use child labor. And finally, this crisis raised the issue of whether the overall approach IKEA had been taking to the issue of child labor was appropriate. Should the company continue to try to deal with the issue through its own relationships with its suppliers?Should it step back and allow Rugmark to monitor the use of child labor on its behalf? Or should it recognize that the problem was too deeply embedded in the culture of these countries for it to have any real impact and simply withdraw? 8 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) 906-414 Exhibit 1 IKEA Stores, Fiscal Year Ending August 1994 a. Historica l Store Growth 1954 Number of Stores 0 1964 2 1974 9 1984 52 1994 114 b. Country’s First StoreFirst Store (with city) Country Sweden Norway Denmark Switzerland Germany Australia Canada Austria Netherlands Singapore Spain Iceland France Saudi Arabia Belgium Kuwait United States United Kingdom Hong Kong Italy Hungary Poland Czech Republic United Arab Emirates Slovakia Taiwan Year 1958 1963 1969 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1978 1980 1981 1981 1983 1984 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1991 1991 1992 1994 City Almhult Oslo Copenhagen Zurich Munich Artamon Vancouver Vienna Rotterdam Singapore Gran Canaria Reykjavik Paris Jeddah Brussels Kuwait City Philadelphia Manchester Hong Kong Milan Budapest Platan Prague Dubai Bratislava TaipeiSource: IKEA website, http://franchisor. ikea. com/txtfacts. html, accessed October 15, 2004. 9 906-414 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) Exhibit 2 IKEA History: Selected Events Year 1943 1945 1948 1951 1955 1 956 1958 1961 1963 1965 1965 1973 1974 1978 1980 1980 1985 1985 1991 Event IKEA is founded. Ingvar Kamprad constructs the company name from his initials (Ingvar Kamprad), his home farm (Elmtaryd), and its parish (Agunnaryd). The first IKEA ad appears in press, advertising mail-order products. Furniture is introduced into the IKEA product range.Products are still only advertised through ads. The first IKEA catalogue is distributed. IKEA starts to design its own furniture. Self-assembly furniture in flat packs is introduced. The first IKEA store opens in Almhult, Sweden. Contract with Polish sources, IKEA’s first non-Scandinavian suppliers. First delivery is 20,000 chairs. The first IKEA store outside Sweden opens in Norway. IKEA opens in Stockholm, introducing the self-serve concept to furniture retailing. IKEA stores add a section called â€Å"The Cook Shop,† offering quality utensils at low prices.The first IKEA store outside Scandinavia opens in Spreitenbach, Switzer land. A plastic chair is developed at a supplier that usually makes buckets. The BILLY bookcase is introduced to the range, becoming an instant top seller. One of IKEA’s best-sellers, the KLIPPAN sofa with removable, washable covers, is introduced. Introduction of LACK coffee table, made from a strong, light material by an interior door factory. The first IKEA Group store opens in the U. S. MOMENT sofa with frame built by a supermarket trolley factory is introduced. Wins a design prize. IKEA establishes its own industrial group, Swedwood.Source: Adapted from IKEA Facts and Figures, 2003 and 2004 editions, and IKEA internal documents. 10 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) 906-414 Exhibit 3 â€Å"A Furniture Dealer’s Testament†Ã¢â‚¬â€A Summarized Overview In 1976, Ingvar Kamprad listed nine aspects of IKEA that he believed formed the basis of the IKEA culture together with the vision statement â€Å"To create a better everyd ay life for the many people. † These aspects are given to all new employees through a pamphlet titled â€Å"A Furniture Dealer’s Testament. † The following table summarizes the major points: Cornerstone 1.The Product Range—Our Identity 2. The IKEA Spirit—A Strong and Living Reality 3. Profit Gives Us Resources Summarize Description IKEA sells well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible can afford them. IKEA is about enthusiasm, renewal, thrift, responsibility, humbleness toward the task and simplicity. IKEA will achieve profit (which Kamprad describes as a â€Å"wonderful word†) through the lowest prices, good quality, economical development of products, improved purchasing processes and cost savings. â€Å"Waste is a deadly sin. † 4.Reaching Good Results with Small Means 5. Simplicity is a Virtue Complex regulations and exaggerated planning paralyze. IKEA people stay simple in st yle and habits as well as in their organizational approach. IKEA is run from a small village in the woods. IKEA asks shirt factories to make seat cushions and window factories to make table frames. IKEA discounts its umbrellas when it rains. IKEA does things differently. â€Å"We can never do everything everywhere, all at the same time. † At IKEA, you choose the most important thing to do and finish that before starting a new project. The fear of making mistakes is the root of bureaucracy. † Everyone has the right to make mistakes; in fact, everyone has an obligation to make mistakes. 6. Doing it a Different Way 7. Concentration—Important to Our Success 8. Taking Responsibility—A Privilege 9. Most Things Still Remain to be IKEA is only at the beginning of what it might become. 200 stores is Done. A Glorious Future! nothing. â€Å"We are still a small company at heart. † Source: Adapted by casewriters from IKEA’s â€Å"A Furniture Dealer†™s Testament†; Bertil Torekull, â€Å"Leading by Design: The IKEA Story† (New York: Harper Business, 1998, p. 12); and interviews. 11 906-414 IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) Exhibit 4 a. Sales IKEA in Figures, 1993–1994 (fiscal year ending August 31, 1994) Country/region Germany Sweden Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland Belgium, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Norway North America (U. S. and Canada) Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia Australia SEK billion 10. 4 3. 9 7. 7 7. 3 4. 9 0. 5 0. 4 35. 0 Percentage 29. 70% 11. 20% 21. 90% 20. 80% 13. 90% 1. 50% 1. 00% b. PurchasingCountry/region Nordic Countries East and Central Europe Rest of Europe Rest of the World Percentage 33. 4% 14. 3% 29. 6% 22. 7% Source: IKEA Facts and Figures, 1994. Exhibit 5 The U. N. Convention on the Rights of the Child: Article 32 1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development. . States Parties shall take legislative, administrative, social, and educational measures to ensure the implementation of the present article. To this end, and having regard to the relevant provisions of other international instruments, States Parties shall in particular: (a) (b) (c) Provide for a minimum age for admission to employment Provide for appropriate regulation of hours and conditions of employment Provide for appropriate or other sanctions to ensure the effective enforcement of the present article.

Kogi&Earth Essay

View the film about the Kogi. Briefly describe their religion and how it is interrelated in everything they do. What is a mama? Describe the mamas and their religion using anthropological concepts related to religion. What is their prediction for the world? What kind of evidence are they using to support their prediction? The Kogi are a descendant tribe from the Tairona culture, in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia. They live in a mountain range that literally has its own ecosystem. To them it is a smaller version of the whole world where every climate is possible. They are an isolated tribe that feel it is their job to keep the heart of Aluna beating to help out the Young Brother. They are very dissatisfied about the way that Young Brother is exploiting, devastating, and plunder Aluna, or Great Mother. To the Kogi, there were 9 worlds made from water. The last one which is inhabited by humanity, or Aluna’s children. Their Kankurua, or hut, is designed like the nine worlds. They are made up of rings that circle to the top, with the top one being the apex of Aluna. (http://www.crystalinks.com/kogi.html) The Mama’s, or spiritual leaders, share the tribes history and religion through word of mouth. For the first nine years of a Mama’s life, they are kept in a cave in total darkness to learn the secrets of Aluna. (http://www.labyrinthina.com/kogi.htm). The mother of the Mama will come in to feed the child, but they are usually left in absolute isolation, so when the emerge into the light, they may see the beauty that Aluna has shown them. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urMcofvcMAU) The Kogi are an indigenous tribe that walk around barefoot to keep in contact with Aluna. They aren’t hunter/gathers, they are an agricultural tribe that plants beans, corn, cotton, and gourds. The only food supply they gather is fish. The Kogi are worried about the world and have a dire prediction for the fate of the planet, because Young Brother is cutting Mother up. They are looting her for her resources which is killing her. The evidence to supporting this is that the tundra, which once used to be green is now brown. http://www.crystalinks.com/kogi.html http://www.labyrinthina.com/kogi.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urMcofvcMAU

The Case Of Bank Of America Vs. The Deaf - 1234 Words

Introduction Laws against discrimination of any kind are implemented so that each individual is able to have an equal opportunity at employment. In the case of Bank of America vs. the deaf employee who wanted an interpreter to work with them, there was an indication of discrimination towards the individual. The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, was applied to prevent these types of acts to happen, and due to the issues Bank of America had in rebellion of this act, caused the lawsuit by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). History and Background of ADA The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), is the United States first comprehensive civil rights law addressing the needs of people with disabilities,†¦show more content†¦1-4). History and Background USERRA In conjunction with the ADA of 1990, there is the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA), which protects individuals involved in the military service. This act helps protect those who are active or inactive, having performed as a member of the military service, to be able to keep or get employment regardless of the service obligations. Essentially, this act was created to protect veterans from discrimination acts from organizations and to go along with the equal opportunity employment execution. This act is supremely important because of the amount of dedication that is involved from a member of the military service to give their time and put their life on the line for others citizens of this country. To have this act in place allows those individuals to be able to have flexibility with their careers in the event they have to leave for deployment and upon their return as such. This is a law that shows respect and admiration for the service mem bers and states that they are protected in the event duty calls and they must be called upon to help defend our country (USERRA, 2012, para. 1-6). History and Background of Bank of America Case Bank of America is a large and powerful corporation that apparently felt they could override the law of the ADA.

Top Choices of Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade

Top Choices of Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade Define the expression time management and describe ways you can take advantage of it in middle school. It is not important to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. Since the growth of search engines, things are made easier for many individuals. Students must work hard to have a top mark. Ok, I Think I Understand Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade, Now Tell Me About Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade! Describe several matters you would search for in your ideal high school. Each writing workshop starts with a mini lesson about the genre they're currently studying, but students are extremely rarely provided a prompt. Students need to understand how to compose persuasive essaysthis skill is critical because it's often tested. They go to school because they are forced to. Simile is a type of figurative language which can be put to use as a literary technique. The very first row indicates the step-by-step creation of each letter, including arrows to be sure that your child understands the appropriate formation. Example, explain why it's excellent to be an obedient individual. See that the objective of a persuasive speech is like the purpose for writing an argumentative or persuasive essaythe organizational structure and variety of data in a persuasive speech would be. The New Angle On Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade Just Released The perfect way to go is to seek out a special perspective of the subject you may easily discuss without any issues. Carefully analyze the points and just settle on a claim which you can comprehensively discuss in a means that may convince your readers. It's a resolving way to prove a specific point. As you do the research, attempt to highlight a number of the essential points about the subject to offer you an effortless time in creating a decision on the very best angle to pursue. What You Can Do About Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade Starting in the Next Eight Minutes This paragraph of introduction is known as Context. The debut of each written work ought to have a very clear thesis statement or argument. From time to time, in elaborating a point, you'll need to give examples. Adhere to the opening sentence with the crucial material for understanding of the problem. The Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade Pitfall Law essay writing service organizations are rampant online. If you would like to acquire expert Law essay aid, you must try to find a Law essay writing service. Write about something you care about and even when you are assigned a particular topic for an essay, select a view or aspect of that topic which you like and would delight in writing about. Whichever the topic you're given be certain that you have the fundamental wisdom and principles of writing. The New Angle On Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade Just Released David is someon e who can be called selfless. Put simply, you shouldn't compose a statement that appears rigid or final in the opinion of readers. The opening statement of the thesis ought to be claim or something that others can additionally have a possibility of countering. A thesis statement on the opposite hand, is defined as the vital argument you will be looking towards defending in the paper. A superb teacher goes the excess mile. She is someone who inspires. She is not just someone who explains. She will not let a student walk away until every question is fully explained and completely understood, no matter how long it may take. For instance, writing involves a left-to-right motion across the webpage. In any case, it's also vital that you carefully check your sources to be certain you've credible details. It isn't hard to select the cheapest essay writing service by simply comparing the prices offered by various customized essay writing service providers. If you follow all thes e ideas, you can be certain to acquire good different custom made essays at an inexpensive price. The Benefits of Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Therefore, you can have some suggestions that will enhance your resume, by coordinating your prior experiences in the area. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Not all students find the opportunity to leave a feedback once they obtain their papers, but there'll be some of them who will be prepared to share their experience. With a tiny bit of practice that next writing assignment is going to be a breeze. In summary, at the present moment school is a significant stage of my life. When you want an example written by means of a student check out our vast assortment of absolutely free student m odels. You're all ready for fifth grade and are certain to have a wonderful year! The Tried and True Method for Personal Essay Samples 4th Grade in Step by Step Detail It's wise that you understand how to compose an expository essay thesis statement so as to deliver outstanding essay papers. Revise the thesis In order to make sure that the essay expresses what you have to discuss in the essay, it is essential that you revisit the thesis. The last portion of your expository essay should not have any new ideas. A personal narrative essay is just one of the greatest tools to stop social issues which are frequently disregarded. In the event you may require assistance on the best way to compose an expository essay thesis statement, simply speak to us. If you're stuck with your assignment and have opted to purchase your essay online, then this report can help you decide how you're able to choose a business best suited to your requirements and how you're able to avoid scam essay writing companies. In the subsequent section, you will see guidelines and examples to help you in writing thesis statements for various kinds of essay papers. Research on the topic of the essay The simplest way whereby you're able to acquire sufficient information for crafting the thesis statement is research. Without evidence your claims may be dismissed. Therefore, you can develop your knowledge about it. There are lots of reference materials accessible to compose a law assignment. Keep away from vague statements and just concentrate on the basis of the paper.

Douglas Monroys Thrown Among Strangers The Making of...

Douglas Monroys Thrown Among Strangers: The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California When Spaniards colonized California, they invaded the native Indians with foreign worldviews, weapons, and diseases. The distinct regional culture that resulted from this union in turn found itself invaded by Anglo-Americans with their peculiar social, legal, and economic ideals. Claiming that differences among these cultures could not be reconciled, Douglas Monroy traces the historical interaction among them in Thrown Among Strangers: The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California. Beginning with the missions and ending in the late 1800s, he employs relations of production and labor demands as a framework to explain the†¦show more content†¦The Indians fused the material and spiritual into one existence and conceived time and life as cyclical. Culture was reproduced over and over because ?the individual has had no freedom to act in ways different from those of the ancestors.?(11) They are portrayed without history, and he later concludes that ?entrance into histo ry killed them?(282), implying that history is a European phenomenon. Rice, on the other hand, states: California?s Indians are popularly viewed as static remnants of ancient Stone-Age peoples. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Before and after the advent of whites in their lands, native cultures constantly changed and adapted to shifting social and ecological conditions. (Rice, 31) Denying a group their own history subtly, yet dangerously, produces formation of the ?other.? Monroy contradicts himself by writing, ?Unbeknownst to most Europeans, the natives they encountered varied more widely that did the different European people themselves.?(6) They spoke between sixty-four and eighty different languages (Rice, 32). Surely such a diverse group of people could not have developed without changing and adapting to specific areas or circumstances. The Spanish philosophy of colonization entailed military regulation and religious conversion at the missions. According to Monroy, more women than men were attracted to the missions because they were oppressed in Indian society. ?We see here how the power

The World Of Pope free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Satires Essay, Research Paper Despite the fact that Pope made most of his money from subscriptions to his Classical interlingual renditions, it is for his crisp and farinaceous sarcasms that he is best remembered and rightly revered. It is these that proved most entertaining and that, in literature, remained pertinent personal histories of societal history. During the Restoration and eighteenth Century sarcasm was a popular generic pick for those authors who wanted to go through remark on some issue of modern-day life whilst still practising their art. By definition sarcasm is # 338 ; the usage of ridicule, sarcasm, irony etc. in address or composing for the apparent intent of exposing and detering frailty or folly # 185 ; . Satire is so needfully didactic because its purpose is to realine its mark with a peculiar ideal from which the ironist believes it to hold strayed. This definition entirely though is non plenty to assist us specify and analyze why Pope delighted in this peculiar genre and why he used it as a vehicle for his political and moral beliefs. Satire is distinguishable from pure didacticism because of its ability to entertain ; Complaint and learning entirely # 8230 ; make non themselves make satire # 8230 ; sarcasm at all degrees must entertain every bit good as attempt to act upon behavior # 8230 ; ( by ) the joy of hearing a farce, a antic inversion of the existent universe. An inversion such as the kingdom of the Queen of Dullness in the Dunciad. Likewise Pope makes it clear that what he writes is non slander or parody, which is what litters the texts of the Grub Street authors, and which he attacks in The Dunciad with the lines, # 338 ; # 8221 ; Here strip, my kids! here at one time leap in, /Here turn out who best can dart through midst and thin, /And who the most in love of soil excel, # 185 ; ( II 275-7 ) . He makes his sentiment all the way on this in the lines ; There is non in the universe a greater Mistake than that which Fools are so disposed to fall into, and Knaves with good ground to promote, the mis interpretation of a Satyrist for a libeller ; wheras to a true satyrist nil is so abominable as a libeller, for the same ground as to a adult male genuinely Virtuous nil is so hateful as a dissembler. In 1725 Pope wrote to his eminent friend Swift, of his desire for his continuing poesy to be a, # 338 ; utile probe of my ain districts # 8230 ; .something domestic, tantrum for my ain state, and for my ain clip ; # 185 ; This definition could use to many types of plants and it is possible that he was mentioning to the heroic poem he had ever wanted to compose, merely as Virgil had written the Aeneid to transfuse a sense of nationalism in his people, or like Milton whose Paradise Lost explained the # 338 ; ways of God to work forces # 185 ; . However satires, in which he excelled, proved to be an first-class contemplation of the moral and societal climates of England in the 1730s. Rather than a purely historical history, a sarcasm is a good illustration of personal modern-day expe rience within any given historical period. It is evidently biased because it is imbued with sentiment, but it is this that gives us insight into a piece of modern-day life, so seeing how the larger societal and political intrigues turned the illumination cogs of the people.Pope was loath to go forth his place as a literary poet and bend to satire. In his Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot Pope claimed that he had resisted the aggravation of reacting to defame directed at him until the publication of the Dunciad, # 338 ; Full ten old ages slandered, did he once answer? # 185 ; ( l 374 ) . However throughout his full literary calling Pope was the topic of changeless literary onslaught. So much so that the organic structure of critical literature against him was sufficient to gain itself the name # 338 ; Popiana # 185 ; . These onslaughts were mostly in the signifier of booklets. Pamphleteering in the Eighteenth century was a inexpensive and effectual manner of making a big audience frequentl y with topical and controversial issues. Those apt Torahs that did be were seldom brought into drama over personal onslaughts and so the people who wrote them stood to gain financially without the hazard of legal action. Pamphleteering was one of the main employments of the Grub Street drudges. Grub Street was a topographic point, as Dr Johnson kindly put it # 338 ; much inhabited by authors of little histories, lexicons and impermanent poems. # 185 ; , and these dwellers were less sympathetically described by Richard Savage as # 338 ; of really low Parenthood, and without any Pretence of Merit, ( are ) draw a bead oning to the Rank of Gentlemen, # 185 ; . The possible causes for assailing Pope were many fold. Let us look at some of those grounds and some of Pope # 185 ; s satirical responses. Pope # 185 ; s early success and richness, in malice of malformations and irrespective of his irregular political and spiritual inclinations, was plenty in itself to gall those hack auth ors whose custodies were tied to the pens of their publishing houses. Pope had managed to crush the booksellers at their ain game, doing a luck from subscriptions to his Classical interlingual renditions, a thing which provided much fresh fish for the pamphleteers. Booklets dealt with inquiries from Pope # 185 ; s cognition of Greek, # 338 ; If I did non understand Greek, what of that ; I hope a Man may interpret a Grecian Writer without understanding Greek, # 185 ; , to criticisms over his continued fiscal return from revised editions in a line such as, # 338 ; And all your awards from Subscriptions grew: # 185 ; . All these kinds of onslaught were mostly fueled by the enviousness over the fact that Pope # 185 ; s interlingual renditions freed him from the kind of literary work that the drudges were destined to transport out. Their kind of support was brightly described by Richard Savage in his competently titled An Writer to be Lett of 1729. This is the narrative of a fabric ated Grub Street author Iscariot Hackney who works for the existent life bookseller Edmund Curll. His work under this adult male is described therefore ; # 338 ; Twas in his service that I wrote Obscenity and Profaneness, under the Names of Pope and Swift. Sometimes I was Mr.Joseph Gay, # 8230 ; ..I abridg # 185 ; vitamin D Histories and Travels, translated from the Gallic, what they neer wrote, and was expert at happening out new Titles for old Books # 8230 ; # 185 ; As the drudges saw it, Pope was an foreigner to this kind of indigence and was alternatively traveling in fecund political and literary circles backed by the support of many flush work forces such as Bolingbroke and Swift. The axiom that you had to be celebrated before you could be successful was one of which many drudges were cognizant and to them it would look that Pope was non roped in to this syrupy circle. As Johnson said in his Life of Richard Savage, the drudge Ate # 338 ; merely when he was invited to the tabular arraies of his familiarities, from which the beastliness of his frock frequently excluded him, # 185 ; . However what Johnson besides said of Savage # 185 ; s endowment did non needfully keep for all drudge authors, On a majority, in a basement, or in a glass-house among stealers and mendicants, was to be found the writer of The Wanderer, # 8230 ; the adult male whose comments on life might hold assisted the solon, # 8230 ; whose fluency might hold influenced senates # 8230 ; If this had been the instance Pope might hold been more sympathetic. Many drudges chose to believe that Pope was roasting poorness, with lines such as # 338 ; supperless # 185 ; hero, ( I 115 ) , and retorted, # 338 ; as if the privation of a Dinner made a adult male a Fool, or Riches and good Sence merely kept company. # 185 ; Alternatively it was his ain staunch rules sing the responsibility of the writer to distribute cultural tradition or to keep a critical mirror up to a pervert society a nd so on, that meant he abhorred the sort of inexpensive slander and titillation which characterized Grub Street news media. It was the fact that many of the authors in Grub Street should neer hold chosen a literary career in the first topographic point, and if we take the clip to look at how Colly Cibber, or Bayes in the Dunciad, became a supperless hero, we see that his pick of career is non made out of enthusiasm but out of necessity ; Swearing and supperless the Hero sate, Blasphem # 185 ; d the Gods, the Dice, and darn # 185 ; d his Fate. Then gnaw # 185 ; d his pen, so dart # 185 ; d it on the land, droping from thought to believe, a huge profound! Plung # 185 ; vitamin D for his sense, but found no underside at that place, Yet wrote and stagger # 185 ; vitamin D on, in mere desperation. ( I 115-20 ) Furthermore the drudges unfavorable judgment of Pope on this subject, and their failure to hold on his point, merely farther supports his belief that they had no construct o f good literature. The drudge author # 185 ; s inclination to plagiarise and to manufacture and his love of exaggeration were tactics that offended Pope # 185 ; s really raison vitamin D # 185 ; etre. The motivation for these tactics are nicely explained by the drudge author Ned Ward ; I borrowed my method from our Moorfield # 185 ; s magicians, who use their extreme art to set on a awful visage, that everybody that gazes on their exteriors may believe the Satan is in them ; and they doubtless find it a utile policy, for I have normally observed, that he thrives best, and has his door most crowded, that can look the most atrocious. The consequences were mostly empty promises of something antic and in themselves unsubstantial and weak. The formats in which these sorts of Hagiographas flourished saturated the literary universe doing it easy to vent personal colics in the imperativeness. All these things provided Pope with ample aggravation to compose antiphonal and frequently defe nsive sarcasm. The Dunciad is the best known and most comprehensive onslaught on these issues. The drudges cry # 338 ; The more we rail, the more bespatter, / # 185 ; Twill do our booklets sell the better. # 185 ; , was rightly answered by the clay catapulting scene in Book II of the Dunciad. Pope is likewise critical of the huge range of cheap pamphlets and periodicals that delighted in such scandal and gossip, which he again attacks in the Dunciad; Hence miscellanies spring, the weekly boast Of Curll?s chaste press, and Lintot?s rubric post: Hence hyming Tyburn?s elegaic lines, Hence Journals, Medleys, Merc?ries, Magazines: Sepulchrul lies, our holy walls to grace, (I 39-43) Pope further presses this point when, within the footnotes of the Dunciad he has his fictitious critic Martin Scriblerus comment on the word ?Magazines?; Miscellanies in prose and verse, in which at some times – new born nonsense is first taught to cry; at others, dead – born Dullness appears in a thousand shapes. These were thrown out weekly and monthly by every miserable scribbler; or picked up piece-meal and stolen from anybody, under the title of papers, essays, queries, verses, epigrams, riddles, etc. equally the disgrace of human wit, morality, and decency. The freque nt unauthorized use of an author?s name to sell literature in Grub Street was a charge answered by Pope in the line, ?Curll stretches after Gay, but Gay is gone,/He grasps an empty Joseph for a John:? (II 127-8), after Curll reportedly affixed the name J Gay to cheap texts in an attempt to pass them off as those of the respected John Gay. The preposterous antics of booksellers in this scene is a pertinent satirical attack on the immoral behavior of this financially driven occupation. A similar charge is answered in Pope?s A Full and True Account of a Horrid and Barbarous Revenge by poison, on the Body of Mr Edmund curll, Bookseller. In this Pope poisons Curll and then has him beg forgiveness for ?those indirect methods I have pursued in inventing new titles to old books, putting authors names to things they never saw,?. Pope?s attack of the hack writers in the Dunciad immortalized many otherwise unremarkable men, just as Swift had warned him it would. In his Life of Pope Johnson ask ed the critical question ?for whom did it concern to know that one or the other scribbler was a dunce. The fact was that although the naming names that went on was an integral part of the satirical machinations of the Dunciad, the names themselves were endlessly translatable because the criticism is not so much of individuals as of their principles and the types of writing to which those authors subscribe. The changes Pope made to the first edition of the Dunciad is testimony to this fact. For example book I line 256 of the Dunciad Variorum reads ?†God save King Tibbald!† Grubstreet allies roar†?, and focuses on Theobald, Popes real life enemy. The equivalent line in the final version of 1743 reads ?†God save King Colley!† Drury Lane replies:? (I 322). What we see then is that nearly fifteen years on Pope managed to alter the victim and setting of his satire without greatly changing the focus of his criticism – the Grub Street ideology. It is sig nificant to note that a writer such as Gissing in his New Grub Street in 1891 has dispensed with the procedure of alluding to real people because it supports the idea that Pope and Gissing, and any others who have addressed this same topic, were not solely interested in personal attack but in a critique of the Grub Street ethic. It is probably true to say that the source of these battles between Grub Street and Pope was an economic and classed based one. In the Dunciad Pope?s refers to ?that area?, (II 27). The place he means is the area surrounding St Mary le Strand, which was becoming known as a residency for people in the literary ?trade? such as Curll and Tonson. What Pope is actually alluding to is the gradual encroachment of poor quality literature, and what it stood for, into the bounds of Westminster, the seat of the aristocracy. As George Gissing was to say over two hundred years later, the problem that true literary artists had with hack writing was that it made ?a trade o f art!?. This is part of a bigger issue that fueled the fire of the pamphlet wars and Pope?s responsive satire: Pope?s political and religious bias and his social standing. As we have already discussed, the zeitgeist of Grub Street was commercial success. Given the sway of the government at this time, in many ways this was a political issue. From 1721 to 1742 Robert Walpole, as the First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, was effectively England?s first Prime Minister. As a Whig leader he opposed the succession of James Duke of York on the grounds that he was a Catholic. Moreover the Whigs represented the desires of the industrialists and resented the elitism of the aristocracy, represented by the Tories. Although we must avoid sweeping generalizations, it would be broadly true to say that most of Grub Street was Whig because of its practical and commercial nature, and that Pope was most definitely a Tory and a Catholic, (a fact for which his name provided much am usement). Pope was thus criticized again for making too much money, fraternizing with the aristocracy and the Tories and, to add insult to injury, took all this for granted. Pope?s Epistle to Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington , for example outraged the critics because of Pope?s ostensible ingratitude to Duke Chandos, who many believed was the model for the tasteless Timon and his seat which Popes leaves, Treated, caressed, and tired, I take my leave, Sick of his civil pride from morn to eve; I curse such lavish cost, and little skill, And swear no day was ever passed so ill. (165-8)Pope denied the charge that Timon was infact Chandos, but the critics were adamant. One article tells the story of how Pope had asked Chandos for a subscription of one guinea and how, after Chandos had given him five hundred pounds ? †¦the Wretch, who is a Composition o f Peevishness, Spleen, and Envy, †¦.in a few Years after,..publishes a Satire, as he terms it, but in Reality it is an Infamous and Scandalous Libel,..? Pope earned himself the reputation for being precocious and self satisfied, ?Alexander Pope, keeper of the Profound, Vicar of the Dunciad; Blunder-Master-General of Dramatic Poetry, Lord Paramount wou?d-be of Mount Parnassus†¦?. As a result many attacks were reduced to base lampoon, focusing on his deformities. It would be difficult to ever ascertain how much of Pope?s satire was motivated by personal injury and how much was written in an effort to rectify moral degeneracy in general. However it would be naive to assume that attacks such as the one by Lady Mary Montague did not cut Pope?s self esteem; Like the first bold Assassin?s be thy Lot, Ne?er be thy Guilt forgiven, or forgot; But as thou hate?st, be hated by Mankind, And with the Emblem of thy crooked Mind, Mark?d on thy Back, like Cain, by God?s own Hand, Wander like him, accursed through the Land. We might find Pope?s true response to attacks such as these in the lines, ?The Muse but served to ease some friend, not wife,/To help me through this long disease, my life,? There are hints at what must have seemed like injustices in society to Pope throughout his texts. For example in the reference in An Epistle to Lord Bathurst to the Monument in London which was erected in memory of the Great Fire and inscribed with the assertion that it was begun by the Papists: Pope describes it standing ?Like a tall bully,? (340). In the Advertisement at the beginning of Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot Pope quite explictly states his irritation at these kinds of personal attack on, ?my person, morals, and family, whereof to those who know me not, a truer information may be requisite.? The lamentable state of contemporary English Society, which Pope felt had become morally degenerate as a result of the temptations of vice, was sufficient to prompt a response from Pope. At the end of his Epilogue to the Satires: Dialogue One, he comments on just this; In golden chains the willing world she draws,/A nd hers the gospel is, and hers the laws,/Mounts the tribunal, lifts her scarlet head,/And sees pale Virtue carted in her stead./Lo! at the wheels of her triumphal car,/Old England?s genius, rough with many a scar,/Dragged in the dust! his arms hang idly round/His flag inverted trails along the ground!/Our youth, all liveried o?er with foreign gold,/Before her dance: behind her, crawl the old!/See thronging millions to the pagod run,/And offer country, parent, wife or son!/Hear her black trumpet through the land proclaim,/That ?not to be corrupted is the shame?†¦. Yet may this verse (if such a verse remain)/Show, there was one who held it in disdain. (147-172) In short things conspired to prompt Pope to turn to satire, a genre in which he would endeavour ?to correct the taste of the town in wit and criticism.? Despite Swift?s warning that in exposing the follies of his enemies, Pope may cement their place in history saying, ?and as to the difference between good and bad fame, i t is a perfect trifle? , Pope?s response was one of defiance, ?I think a bright author should put an end to slanders only as the sun does to stinks – by shinning out exhale them to nothing.? Thus, quite apart from letting these matters go, it seemed almost an obligation to Pope to expose the vice and poor taste of his enemies, and in doing so treat them to an example of elegant rhetoric in the form of a satire.